Sarah Hilton has been a business examiner for over 20 years and a business teacher for longer. She is now a teacher trainer, business teacher and qualification developer. She runs the website revisionstation which provides smashing business teaching resources at budget prices.
Sarah Hilton has been a business examiner for over 20 years and a business teacher for longer. She is now a teacher trainer, business teacher and qualification developer. She runs the website revisionstation which provides smashing business teaching resources at budget prices.
Pearson Edexcel A Level International Business (133) 2 Product service design
This lesson covers:
a) Design mix:
• function
• aesthetics
• cost/economic manufacture.
b) Changes in the elements of the design mix to reflect social trends:
• concern over resource depletion: designing for waste minimisation, re-use and recycling
• ethical sourcing.
This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revsionstation
Complete teaching resources for a whole lesson including a PowerPoint and worksheet
Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
NEW Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (135) 2 Entrepreneurial motives & characteristic
a) Characteristics and skills required.
b) Reasons why people set up businesses:
• financial motives: profit maximisation and profit satisficing
• non-financial motives: ethical stance, social entrepreneurship, independence and home working.
Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business
Complete teaching resources for a whole lesson including a PowerPoint and worksheet
Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
a) Factors leading to a change in demand:
changes in the prices of substitutes and complementary goods
changes in consumer incomes
fashions, tastes and preferences
advertising and branding
demographics
external shocks
seasonality
Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business
Complete teaching resources for a whole lesson including a PowerPoint and worksheet
Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
a) Factors leading to a change in supply:
changes in the costs of production
introduction of new technology
indirect taxes
government subsidies
external shocks
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
This lesson covers:
Part 1:
How to construct and analyse budgets and cash flow forecasts
Variance analysis
Adverse and favourable variances
The value of budgeting
How to construct break-even charts
Break even output
Margin of safety
Contribution per unit
Total contribution
How to calculate and illustrate on a break-even chart the effects of change in price, output and costs
The value of break even analysis
Part 2:
How to analyse profitability
Profitability margins
Gross profit
Profit from operations
Profit for the year
How to analyse timings of cash inflows and outflows
Payables
Receivables
The use of data for financial decision making and planning
These lessons were written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
This lesson covers:
The elements of the marketing mix (7Ps)
The influences on and effects of changes in the elements of the marketing mix
The marketing mix should be considered for goods and services, both industrial and consumer.
Product decisions
the value of product portfolio analysis and the Boston Matrix
the value of the product life cycle model including extension strategies
influences on and the value of new product development.
Pricing decisions
Pricing decisions should include penetration and price skimming.
and in part 2
Decisions about the promotional mix
Promotional decisions should include:
the value of branding
Social media
Viral Marketing
Distribution (place) decisions
Distribution decisions should include multichannel distribution.
Decisions relating to other elements of the marketing mix: people, process and physical environment
The importance of and influences on an integrated marketing mix include:
the position in the product life cycle
the Boston Matrix
the type of product
marketing objectives
the target market
competition
positioning.
Understanding the value of digital marketing and e-commerce
This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
Revisionstation’s A-Z revision ideas booklet 26 pages of 130 revision ideas, challenges, games, memory techniques, and time management tools in one fabulous booklet
Perfect for revision lessons or send a digital copy to all students
Ideal for any subject and any topic
Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business Unit 2.3.3 Managing Finance (3 complete lessons)
1 Profit
a) Calculation of:
• gross profit
• operating profit
• profit for the year (net profit).
b) Ways to increase profits.
c) Statement of comprehensive income (profit and loss account):
• measuring profitability: calculation of gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and profit for the year (net profit) margin
• ways to improve profitability.
2 Liquidity
a) Distinction between profit and cash.
b) Statement of financial position (balance sheet):
• measuring liquidity: calculating current ratio and acid test ratio
• ways to improve liquidity, including assets, supplier credit terms, factoring, inventory JIT.
c) Working capital and its management: the importance of cash.
3 Business failure
a) Internal causes of business failure:
• poor management of cash flow
• overestimation of sales
• overtrading
• poor inventory control
• poor marketing
• poor quality.
b) External causes of business failure:
• market conditions
• competition
• economic
• exchange rates
• interest rates
• government regulations
• supplier problems
• natural phenomena.
Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business Unit 2.3.1. Planning a business and raising finance(5 complete lessons)
1 Planning
a) Content of a business plan.
b) Relevance and uses of a business plan.
2 Internal finance
a) Owner’s capital: personal savings.
b) Retained profit.
c) Sale of assets.
3 External finance
a) Sources of finance and their suitability for different circumstances:
• family and friends
• banks
• peer-to-peer funding
• business angels
• crowd funding
• other businesses.
b) Methods of finance and their suitability for different circumstances:
• loans
• share capital
• venture capital
• overdrafts
• leasing
• trade credit
• grants.
4 Forms of business
a) Sole trader, partnership and private limited company (Ltd).
b) Franchising, social enterprise, lifestyle businesses, online businesses.
c) Growth to public limited companies (plc) and stock market flotation.
5 Liability
a) Implications of limited and unlimited liability, including advantages and disadvantages.
b) Finance appropriate for limited and unlimited liability businesses.
AQA A Level Business (Spec version 2.0) Unit 3.2 Managers, leadership and decision management (3 complete lessons)
3.2.1 Understanding management, leadership and decision making
3.2.2 Understanding management decision making
3.2.3 Understanding the role and importance of stakeholders
PowerPoints and student worksheets
Pearson Edexcel International A level Business Unit 2.3.5 External Influences (3 complete lessons)
1 Economic influences
a) The effect on businesses of, and how they can best respond to, changes in:
• the rate of inflation
• exchange rates (appreciation, depreciation)
• interest rates
• taxation and government spending
• the business cycle.
2 Legislation
a) The effects on businesses of:
• consumer protection
• employee protection
• environmental protection
• competition policy
• health and safety
• intellectual property rights (copyright, patents and trademarks).
3 The competitive environment
a) The effects on businesses of competition in terms of competitor:
• numbers
• size
• behaviour.
b) Ways for a small business to compete in a competitive market.
2.3.1
Profit
a) Calculation of:
o gross profit
o operating profit
o profit for the year (net profit)
b) Statement of comprehensive income (profit and loss
account):
o measuring profitability:
calculation of gross profit margin, operating profit
margin, and profit for the year (net profit) margin
o ways to improve profitability
c) Distinction between profit and cash
2.3.2
Liquidity
a) Statement of financial position (balance sheet):
o measuring liquidity:
calculating current ratio and acid test ratio
o ways to improve liquidity
b) Working capital and its management: the importance of
cash
2.3.3
Business failure
a) Internal and external causes of business failure:
o financial factors
o non-financial factors
1.1.1
The market
a) Mass markets and niche markets:
o characteristics
o market size and market share
o brands
b) Dynamic markets:
o online retailing
o how markets change
o innovation and market growth
o adapting to change
c) How competition affects the market
d) The difference between risk and uncertainty
1.1.2
Market research
a) Product and market orientation
b) Primary and secondary market research data
(quantitative and qualitative) used to:
o identify and anticipate customer needs and wants
o quantify likely demand
o gain insight into consumer behaviour
c) Limitations of market research, sample size and bias
d) Use of ICT to support market research:
o websites
o social networking
o databases
e) Market segmentation
1.1.3
Market positioning
a) Market mapping
b) Competitive advantage of a product or service
c) The purpose of product differentiation
Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business Unit 2.3.4 Resource Management (4 Complete Lessons)
1 Production, productivity and efficiency
a) Methods of production:
• job
• batch
• flow
• cell.
b) Productivity:
• output per unit of input per time period
• factors influencing productivity
• link between productivity and competitiveness
• ways to improve productivity.
c) Efficiency:
• production at minimum average cost
• factors influencing efficiency
• ways to improve efficiency.
d) The distinction between labour- and capital-intensive production.
e) Competitive advantage from short product lead-in times.
2 Capacity utilisation
a) Capacity utilisation: current output (divided by) maximum possible output (× 100).
b) Implications of under- and over-utilisation of capacity.
c) Ways of improving capacity utilisation (under and over utilisation).
3 Inventory control
a) Interpretation of inventory control diagram.
b) Buffer inventory.
c) Implications of poor inventory control.
d) Just in time (JIT).
e) Waste minimisation.
f) Competitive advantage from lean production.
4 Quality management
a) Quality:
• control
• assurance
• circles.
b) Total Quality Management (TQM).
c) Continuous improvement (Kaizen).
d) Competitive advantage from quality management.
BTEC National Level 3 Business Unit 20
2016 (current) specification
Investigating Corporate Social
Responsibility
This bundle covers:
A Examine the CSR issues facing large private sector businesses
B Investigate the benefits and drawbacks for businesses of adopting a CSR policy
C Review the CSR record of a private sector business.
There is a PowerPoint for every single learning aim and a worksheet to match it.
1.3.1
Product/service
design
a) Design mix:
o function
o aesthetics
o cost
b) Changes in the elements of the design mix to reflect
social trends:
o concern over resource depletion: designing for waste
minimisation, re-use and recycling
o ethical sourcing
1.3.2
Branding and
promotion
a) Types of promotion
b) Types of branding
c) The benefits of strong branding:
o added value
o ability to charge premium prices
o reduced price elasticity of demand
d) Ways to build a brand
o unique selling points (USPs)/differentiation
o advertising
o sponsorship
o the use of social media
e) Changes in branding and promotion to reflect social
trends:
o viral marketing
o social media
o emotional branding
1.3.3
Pricing strategies
a) Types of pricing strategy:
o cost plus (calculating mark-up on unit cost)
o price skimming
o penetration
o predatory
o competitive
o psychological
b) Factors that determine the most appropriate pricing
strategy for a particular situation:
o number of USPs/amount of differentiation
o price elasticity of demand
o level of competition in the business environment
o strength of brand
o stage in the product life cycle
o costs and the need to make a profit
c) Changes in pricing to reflect social trends:
o online sales
o price comparison sites
1.3.4
Distribution
a) Distribution channels
b) Changes in distribution to reflect social trends:
o online distribution
o changing from product to service
1.3.5
Marketing strategy
a) The product life cycle
b) Extension strategies:
o product
o promotion
c) Boston Matrix and the product portfolio
d) Marketing strategies appropriate for different types of
market:
o mass markets
o niche markets
o business to business (B2B) and business to
consumer (B2C) marketing
e) Consumer behaviour – how businesses develop
customer loyalty
2.2.1
Sales forecasting
a) Purpose of sales forecasts
b) Factors affecting sales forecasts:
o consumer trends
o economic variables
o actions of competitors
c) Difficulties of sales forecasting
2.2.2
Sales, revenue and
costs
a) Calculation of sales volume and sales revenue
b) Calculation of fixed and variable costs
2.2.3
Break-even
a) Contribution: selling price – variable cost per unit
b) Break-even point:
o total fixed costs + total variable costs = total
revenue
c) Using contribution to calculate the break-even point
d) Margin of safety
e) Interpretation of break-even charts
f) Limitations of break-even analysis
2.2.4
Budgets
a) Purpose of budgets
b) Types of budget:
o historical figures
o zero based
c) Variance analysis
d) Difficulties of budgeting
2.1.1
Internal finance
a) Owner’s capital: personal savings
b) Retained profit
c) Sale of assets
2.1.2
External finance
a) Sources of finance:
o family and friends
o banks
o peer-to-peer funding
o business angels
o crowd funding
o other businesses
b) Methods of finance:
o loans
o share capital
o venture capital
o overdrafts
o leasing
o trade credit
o grants
2.1.3
Liability
a) Implications of limited and unlimited liability
b) Finance appropriate for limited and unlimited liability
businesses
2.1.4
Planning
a) Relevance of a business plan in obtaining finance
b) Interpretation of a simple cash-flow forecast and
calculations based on changes in the cash-flow variables
c) Use and limitations of a cash-flow forecast
2.4.1
Production,
productivity and
efficiency
a) Methods of production:
o job
o batch
o flow
o cell
b) Productivity:
o output per unit of input per time period:
factors influencing productivity
link between productivity and competitiveness
c) Efficiency:
o production at minimum average cost:
factors influencing efficiency
distinction between labour and capital intensive
production
2.4.2
Capacity utilisation
a) Capacity utilisation:
o current output (divided by) maximum possible output
(x 100)
b) Implications of under- and over-utilisation of capacity
c) Ways of improving capacity utilisation
2.4.3
Stock control
a) Interpretation of stock control diagram
b) Buffer stocks
c) Implications of poor stock control
d) Just in time (JIT) management of stock
e) Waste minimisation
f) Competitive advantage from lean production
2.4.4
Quality
management
a) Quality:
o control
o assurance
o circles
o Total Quality Management (TQM)
b) Continuous improvement (Kaizen)
c) Competitive advantage from quality management
